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\title{Age Estimation Research Report}   % type title between braces
\author{Guney Kayim}         % type author(s) between braces
\date{}

\maketitle

In this report you will find techniques and/or approaches used for estimating ages or age groups. You will also find which databases are publicly available and how the ages are distributed in these databases.
\section{Techniques/Approaches}     % section 1
\paragraph{}Normally, a classification or an estimation technique consists of two main steps. At first, feature extraction or image representation. Afterwards, making a decision using the extracted features.
\paragraph{}For feature extraction there are several techniques that have been employed in the past. At first, there was \emph{Anthropometric Models}, it was successful on young people but was not able to deal with adults since human head shape does not change sufficiently or discriminatively in adult period. Later, \emph{Active Appearance Models} are used. In this technique statistical shape model (for face) is learned from a given training set. With some extensions on AAMs a method for estimating ages specifically is developed, which can deal all ages. Another approach was \emph{Aging Pattern Sequence}, which creates a pattern for aging. Unfortunately it creates this pattern for certain subjects and can deal those subjects only. To recover the weakness of this technique \emph{Age Manifold} technique is proposed, which creates a general aging pattern, and it differ from the previous technique by dealing with any subject. A detailed survey about age estimating techniques can be found in \cite{YunFu2010}. We are planning to use DCT to extract features from face images and see its performance.

\paragraph{}Estimating age or age groups can be seen as a classification or a regression problem. There is no strict definition for it. Applying hybrid methods could increase the accuracy of the age estimation.

\section{Publicly Available Databases}     % section 2
\paragraph{}According to my research there are 2 publicly available databases, FG-NET \cite{FG-NET} and MORPH \cite{MORPH}.

\subsection{FG-NET Database}    % subsection 2.1
\paragraph{}This database contains 1002 face images in total, which belongs to 82 subjects. Age of subjects vary from 0 to 69 years. Distribution of ages can be found in the Figure \ref{fig:fgnet_1}, and in Figures \ref{fig:fgnet_2}, \ref{fig:fgnet_3}, \ref{fig:fgnet_4} you can find possible age groups that can be used when working on this database.

\begin{figure}[h!]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{fgnet_1.pdf}
  \caption{Age Distribution of FG-NET Database}
  \label{fig:fgnet_1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h!]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{fgnet_2.pdf}
  \caption{Age Groups 1 for FG-NET Database}
  \label{fig:fgnet_2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h!]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{fgnet_3.pdf}
  \caption{Age Groups 2 for FG-NET Database}
  \label{fig:fgnet_3}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h!]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{fgnet_4.pdf}
  \caption{Age Groups 3 for FG-NET Database}
  \label{fig:fgnet_4}
\end{figure}

\subsection{MORPH Database}    % subsection 2.2
\paragraph{}This database contains 55134 face images in total, 46645 of them are from male subjects and the remaining 8489 are from female subjects. Subjects are from various races. Thanks to the high number of subjects in both male and female, different classifier for each gender could be trained. The ages are between 16 to 78. Distribution of ages can be found in the Figure \ref{fig:morph_1}, and in Figures \ref{fig:morph_2}, \ref{fig:morph_3}, \ref{fig:morph_4} you can find possible age groups that can be used when working on this database.

\begin{figure}[h!]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{morph_1.pdf}
  \caption{Age Distribution of MORPH Database}
  \label{fig:morph_1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h!]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{morph_2.pdf}
  \caption{Age Groups 1 for MORPH Database}
  \label{fig:morph_2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h!]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{morph_3.pdf}
  \caption{Age Groups 2 for MORPH Database}
  \label{fig:morph_3}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h!]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{morph_4.pdf}
  \caption{Age Groups 3 for MORPH Database}
  \label{fig:morph_4}
\end{figure}

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